نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده شیلات و محیط زیست، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.
2 گروه محیط زیست، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران.
چکیده
اکوسیستم های مانگرو طی سالهای اخیر، علاوه بر تخریب انسانی به وسیله اثرات تغییر اقلیم جهانی نیز تهدید شده اند. یکی از مهم ترین اثرات ناشی از تغییر اقلیم بر جنگل های مانگرو، افزایش جهانی تراز سطح آب دریا و بالتبع آن آب گرفتگی بخشی از ناحیه ساحلی است. بالا آمدن سطح آب دریا موجب عقب نشینی جنگلهای مانگرو در بسیاری از مناطق می شود. با این وجود در برخی مناطق، سکونتگاه های انسانی، وجود سازه ها و تاسیسات ساحلی عاملی محدودکننده محسوب می شوند. در این مطالعه با استفاده از دو سناریوی کمترین و بیشترین میانگین بالا آمدن سطح آب دریا در دوره زمانی 2046-2065 مطابق گزارش IPCC و نتایج مطالعات داخلی، پهنه آبگرفتگی ناشی از بالا آمدن سطح دریا در محدوده دو منطقه حفاظت شده حرا در شهرستان بندرخمیر و حرای تیاب در شهرستان میناب تعیین شد. نتایج نشان داد در صورت بالا آمدن سطح آب دریا، پهنه آبگرفتگی در محدوده منطقه حفاظت شده حرا در کمترین و بیشترین مقدار به ترتیب 1000 و 2000 هکتار و در منطقه حفاظت شده تیاب و میناب حدود 3500 و 7000 هکتار خواهد بود. نتایج بررسی پوشش و کاربری اراضی نیز نشان داد بیشتر اراضی پسکرانه مربوط به پوشش مرتعی فقیر و زمین های خالی است و با توجه به پیش بینی های منطقه ای و جهانی در بالا آمدن سطح دریا، در حال حاضر مانعی برای مهاجرت مانگروها به سمت خشکی وجود ندارد. با این وجود تغییرات کاربری اراضی در سال های آینده و طرح های آتی در منطقه باید مورد بررسی قرار گیرد تا تصمیمات مدیریتی مناسب تری در جهت حفظ این اکوسیستم های ارزشمند گرفته شود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
Bunting, P., Rosenqvist, A., Lucas, R.M., Rebelo, L.M., Hilarides, L., Thomas, N., Hardy, A. and Itoh, T., Shimada, M. and Finlayson, C.M., 2018. The global mangrove watch—a new 2010 global baseline of mangrove extent. Remote Sensing, 10(10), p.1669. https://doi. org/10.3390/rs10101669.
Chong, J., 2005. Protective values of mangrove and coral ecosystems: a review of methods and evidence. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
Church, J.A., Hunter, J., McInnes, K.L. and White, N.J., 2004. Sea-level rise and the frequency of extreme events around the Australian coastline. In: Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Australia's National Coastal Conference. Hobart, Tasmania, 19-23 April 2004. Hobart: University of Tasmania.
Cohen, M.C.L., Behling, H. and Lara, R.J., 2005. Amazonian mangrove dynamics during the last millennium: the relative sea-level and the Little Ice Age. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 136(1-2), pp.93-108. DOI: 10.10 16/j.revpalbo.2005.05.002.
Corcoran, E., Ravilious, C. and Wells, S.M., 2006. In the front line. Shoreline protection and other ecosystem services from mangroves and coral reefs. UNEP-WCMC Biodiversity Series 24.
Danehkar, A., 2001. Mangroves forests zonation in Gaz and Harra international wetlands. The Environment Scientific Quarterly Journal, 34, pp.43-49. DOI: /10.1007/s10584-008-9499-5.
Dasgupta, S., Laplante, B., Meisner, C., Wheeler, D. and Yan, J., 2009. The impact of sea level rise on developing countries: a comparative analysis. Climatic change, 93(3-4), pp.379-388. DOI: 10.1007/s10584-008-9499-5.
Duarte, C.M., Losada, I.J., Hendriks, I.E., Mazarrasa, I. and Marbà, N., 2013. The role of coastal plant communities for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Nature climate change, 3(11), pp.961-968. DOI: 10.1038/ncli mate1970.
Duke, N.C., Meynecke, J.O., Dittmann, S., Ellison, A.M., Anger, K., Berger, U., Cannicci, S., Diele, K., Ewel, K.C., Field, C.D. and Koedam, N., 2007. A world without mangroves? Science, 317(5834), pp.41-42. DOI: 10.1126/science.317.5834.41b.
Ellison, J.C., 2015. Vulnerability assessment of mangroves to climate change and sea-level rise impacts. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 23, pp.115-137. DOI: 10.1007/ s11273-014-9397-8.
Ellison, J., 2018. Effects of climate change on mangroves relevant to the Pacific Islands. University of Tasmania. Journal contribution. https://hdl.handle.net/102.10 0.100 /562023.
Erfani, M., Nouri, G. R., Danehkar, A., Marvi, M. M., and Mahmoudi, B. A., 2010. Vegetative parameters of mangrove forest on the Govater bay in southeast of Iran. Journal of Taxonomy and Biosistematics, 1(1), pp. 33-46. (In Persian).
Etemadi, H., Sharifikia, M. and Samadi, Z., 2014. Assessment and predicting climate change influence on Iran mangrove forests: a case study within the Jask mangrove protected area, Phd Thesis, Tarbiat Modarres University, Iran. (In Persian).
FAO, U., 2007. The world’s mangroves 1980–2005. FAO forestry paper, 153, p.77.
FAO, 2016. Agriculture: land use challenges and opportunities. State of the world’s forests, 1545-2050.
Gilman, E., Ellison, J. and Coleman, R., 2007. Assessment of mangrove response to projected relative sea-level rise and recent historical reconstruction of shoreline position. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 124, pp.105-130. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-006-9212-y.
Gilman, E.L., Ellison, J., Duke, N.C. and Field, C., 2008. Threats to mangroves from climate change and adaptation options: a review. Aquatic botany, 89(2), pp.237-250. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.009.
Giri, C., Pengra, B., Zhu, Z., Singh, A. and Tieszen, L.L., 2007. Monitoring mangrove forest dynamics of the Sundarbans in Bangladesh and India using multi-temporal satellite data from 1973 to 2000. Estuarine, coastal and shelf science, 73(1-2), pp.91-100. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2006.12.019.
Howard, R.J., Krauss, K.W., Cormier, N., Day, R.H., Biagas, J. and Allain, L., 2015. Plant–plant interactions in a subtropical mangrove‐to‐marsh transition zone: Effects of environmental drivers. Journal of Vegetation Science, 26(6), pp.1198-1211. DOI: 10.111 1/jvs.12309.
IPCC, C.C., 2007. The physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 996(2007), pp.113-119.
IPCC. 2014. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1132 pp.
Ishak, D.S.M., Krishnan, S. and Adib Kadri, N., 2018. Mangrove zone migration as seawater level change. Journal of Desalination and Water Purification, 13, pp. 1-2. http://ababilpub.com/download/jdwp13-1/.
Jennerjahn, T.C., Gilman, E., Krauss, K.W., Lacerda, L.D., Nordhaus, I. and Wolanski, E., 2017. Mangrove ecosystems under climate change. In: Mangrove Ecosystems: A Global Biogeographic Perspective: Structure, Function, and Services, pp.211-244. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-62206-4_7.
Kairo, J.G., Dahdouh-Guebas, F., Bosire, J. and Koedam, N., 2001. Restoration and management of mangrove systems—a lesson for and from the East African region. South African Journal of Botany, 67(3), pp.383-389 DOI:10.1016/S0254-6299(15)31153-4.
Lewis III, R.R., 2005. Ecological engineering for successful management and restoration of mangrove forests. Ecological engineering, 24(4), pp.403-418. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng. 2004.10.003.
Mafi Gholami, D., Baharlouii, M. and Mahmoudii, B., 2017a. Mapping area changes of mangroves using RS and GIS (Case study: mangroves of Hormozgan province). Environmental Sciences, 15(2), pp.75-92.
Mafi-Gholami, D. and Jaafari, A. 2019. Mapping intensity of fishing activities in mangrove habitats: prerequisite for vulnerability assessment process. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 18(2), pp. 26-39. DOI: 10.22113/jmst.2019.133473.2165. (In Persian).
Mafi-Gholami, D., Mahmoudi, B. and Zenner, E.K., 2017b. An analysis of the relationship between drought events and mangrove changes along the northern coasts of the Pe rsian Gulf and Oman Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 199, pp.141-151. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2017.10.008.
Mazria, E. and Kershner, K., 2007. Nation under siege: sea level rise at our doorstep. 2030 Research Center.
Mirabzadeh, P., 1997. Book of Nature, Mangrove forests as sensitive habitats with exceptional characteristics. Tehran: Museum of Natural Works and Wildlife of Iran.
Moslehi, M., 2018. Ecological Value of Endangered Mangrove Ecosystems. Human and Environment, 16(46), pp. 148-168. (In Persian).
Nguyen, H. H., McAlpine, C., Pullar, D., Johansen, K. and Duke, N. C., 2013. The relationship of spatial– temporal changes in fringe mangrove extent and adjacent land-use: Case study of Kien Giang coast, Vietnam. Ocean & coastal management. 76, pp. 12-22. DOI:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.01.003.
Nicholls, R.J., Hoozemans, F.M. and Marchand, M., 1999. Increasing flood risk and wetland losses due to global sea-level rise: regional and global analyses. Global Environmental Change, 9, pp.S69-S87. DOI: 10.1016/S0959-3780(99)00 019-9.
Osland, M.J., Feher, L.C., López-Portillo, J., Day, R.H., Suman, D.O., Menéndez, J.M.G. and Rivera-Monroy, V.H., 2018. Mangrove forests in a rapidly changing world: Global change impacts and conservation opportunities along the Gulf of Mexico coast. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 214, pp. 120-140. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2018.09.006.
Ports & Maritime Organization (PMO), 2018. Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Hormozgan Province, Determination of Sedimentary Cells Report. 238p. DOI: 10. 22113/jmst.2018.126521.2144. (In Persian).
Rowley, R.J., Kostelnick, J.C., Braaten, D., Li, X. and Meisel, J., 2007. Risk of rising sea level to population and land area. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 88(9), pp.105-107. DOI:10.1029/2007EO090001.
Shayan, S., Dadashzade, Z. and Yamani, M., 2020. Explanation of study scale in littoral cell determin (case study: Coasts of Hormozgan province). Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 19(2), pp.62-72. DOI: 10.22113 /jmst.2018.126521.2144. (In Persian).
Soltanpour A, pirooznia M, Jafari S.A 2017. Long-term data processing of the Monitoring Network of Sea level Persian Gulf for investigating the trend of sea level changes and determination of its average level in the region. 24th Geomatics National Conference, Tehran, Iran.
Titus, J.G. and Richman, C., 2001. Maps of lands vulnerable to sea level rise: modeled elevations along the US Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Climate Research, 18(3), pp.205-228. DOI: 10.3354/cr018205.
Tomaz, R., Santos, A., Borges, H., Júnior, C.H.L.S. and da Silva Bezerra, D., 2019. Predicting the impacts of sea-level rise on the Amazon macrotidal mangrove coast. Revista Brasileira de Climatologia, 25. DOI: 10.5380/abclima.v25i0.60891.
Walters, B.B., Rönnbäck, P., Kovacs, J.M., Crona, B., Hussain, S.A., Badola, R., Primavera, J.H., Barbier, E. and Dahdouh-Guebas, F., 2008. Ethnobiology, socio-economics and management of mangrove forests: A review. Aquatic Botany, 89(2), pp.220-236. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquabot.2008. 02.009.
Ward, R.D., Friess, D.A., Day, R.H. and Mackenzie, R.A., 2016. Impacts of climate change on mangrove ecosystems: a region by region overview. Ecosystem Health and sustainability, 2(4), p.e01211. DOI: 10.1002/ ehs2.1211.
Webb, E.L., Friess, D.A., Krauss, K.W., Cahoon, D.R., Guntenspergen, G.R. and Phelps, J., 2013. A global standard for monitoring coastal wetland vulnerability to accelerated sea-level rise. Nature Climate Change, 3(5), pp.458-465. https://www.nature.com/articles /nclimate1756.
Woodroffe, C.D., 1995. Response of tide-dominated mangrove shorelines in northern Australia to anticipated sea-level rise. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 20(1), 65– 85. DOI: 10.1002/esp.3290200107.
)