علوم انسانی دریا
Mahnaz Rashidi; Ali Mashhadi
Abstract
Mnemiopsis leidyi in Caspian Sea is an example of invasive alien species that was moved to Caspian Sea by ballast water of ships through Volga- Don canal in the 1990th decade. This Plankton-eating species put many of creatures of Caspian Sea such as Common Kilkas, Sturgeons and Caspian seals at risk ...
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Mnemiopsis leidyi in Caspian Sea is an example of invasive alien species that was moved to Caspian Sea by ballast water of ships through Volga- Don canal in the 1990th decade. This Plankton-eating species put many of creatures of Caspian Sea such as Common Kilkas, Sturgeons and Caspian seals at risk of distinction by disrupting the food chain. Due to the hard environmental and economic impacts of invasive alien species, the main question of this research is what obligations does international law impose on the Caspian coastal states to manage such species? In response, by using descriptive- analytical method and library resources, it was concluded that the Islamic Republic of Iran and other countries along Caspian Sea have become members of some global and regional environmental agreements which explicitly or implicitly, assigns them obligations on prevention, control and elimination of alien invasive species. International customary rules and general legal principles also impose obligations on these states to take preventive, precautionary and control measures. Violations any of primary obligations by countries or causing damage, can lead to the international responsibility of offending state or causing damage state. Therefore, international law is not challenged about existence of binding rules regarding the management of invasive alien species in Caspian Sea, but effective implementation of these rules requires further cooperation between member states.
علوم انسانی دریا
Behzad Seyfi
Abstract
The seizure of ships in different maritime territories is one of the basic challenges of the international law of the seas, which leads to legal disputes between flag and coastal states and sometimes third states. On Tuesday, April 19, 2022, the Greek Coast Guard seized the Russian tanker Pegas/Lana, ...
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The seizure of ships in different maritime territories is one of the basic challenges of the international law of the seas, which leads to legal disputes between flag and coastal states and sometimes third states. On Tuesday, April 19, 2022, the Greek Coast Guard seized the Russian tanker Pegas/Lana, which was carrying an Iranian oil cargo, in the waters of the Greek island of Oia, due to the violation of US and European Union sanctions against Russia in connection with the attack on Ukraine, and the Iranian oil cargo at the request of American judicial authorities. This action was met with protest by the authorities of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and despite diplomatic efforts to resolve the disputes peacefully, two Greek oil tankers were seized by the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps with a court order and a complaint from the owner of the oil tanker Lana. Therefore, the purpose of this brief is to examine these seizures from the perspective of the international law of the seas, and to answer the question, whether the actions of Greece and Iran are legitimate or not from the perspective of the international law of the seas? The research method of this article is descriptive and analytical, and the method of collecting library information is documentary. The findings of the research indicate that the seizure of Iran's oil cargo by Greece and the United States is in contradiction with the peaceful use of the seas and freedom of navigation. Regarding Iran's actions, considering that according to the statements of the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the location of the seizure of these two oil tankers was in the monitoring zone and the territorial sea of Iran, the Islamic Republic of Iran has jurisdiction and according to the verdict issued by the judicial authorities due to maritime violations. He has seized Greek oil tankers.
علوم انسانی دریا
Mohammad Alinejadasl
Abstract
Exploitation of marine living resources, especially fish, has long been one of the most important ways of providing human food and has been considered a lucrative economic activity. In the past, the view has been that marine species are endless resources, but gradually, with increasing knowledge and ...
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Exploitation of marine living resources, especially fish, has long been one of the most important ways of providing human food and has been considered a lucrative economic activity. In the past, the view has been that marine species are endless resources, but gradually, with increasing knowledge and awareness in this field, the view of countries about their infinity has changed and the need to protect them has become apparent. International law has considered the protection of marine species in recent decades, especially with the ratification of numerous international conventions and instruments. It should be noted that although there is a wide range of international and regional rules and regulations in the field of protection of marine species, but their overfishing continues, which shows the lack of adequate government support for such documents and non-implementation. Complete their regulations. Accordingly, it is necessary for governments to make every effort to exploit and protect marine living resources responsibly, and it is clear that responsible exploitation and optimal protection of marine living resources is in the interests of all nations. And governments need cooperation at the international level. There is also a need to develop and develop rules on various aspects of the protection of marine species, in which governments should take appropriate action at the international level, including through relevant international organizations.
علوم انسانی دریا
hassan jafari; s s; a k; e n; h h
Abstract
This applied research has been conducted to evaluate the competitiveness of port services using exploratory factor analysis and importance- performance analysis methods. First, by literature review, 53 indicators of competitiveness of port services has been identified, then exploratory factor analysis ...
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This applied research has been conducted to evaluate the competitiveness of port services using exploratory factor analysis and importance- performance analysis methods. First, by literature review, 53 indicators of competitiveness of port services has been identified, then exploratory factor analysis was used to ensure the effectiveness of the identified indicators. Based on the obtained results from 53 identified indicators, in the factor analysis, only 27 of indicator have loadings on the eight factors of Logistics Cost, Connectivity, Port facility, Port Service and Availability, Safety and security, Efficiency and Productivity, Reliability, Hinterland condition. The results of the importance and performance analysis showed that among of eight factors, respectively efficiency and productivity factor has the highest and Hinterland condition has the lowest the difference between the performance average from importance average. And also the Position of each factor in the quarters of the importance and performance matrix indicates that other than the second factor (Connectivity) and fifth factor (Safety and Security) all other factors located in a quarter one.