Threats to the Biodiversity of the International Wetlands of Roud Shur, Shirin, and Minab Mangroves and Providing Participatory Conservation Solutions

Izadian, Mona; Hosseini Tayefeh, Farhad; Rayegani, Behzad

doi:10.22113/jmst.2023.376136.2508

Document Type : Original Manuscript

Authors

¹ Group of Biodiversity and Biosafety, Department of Environment, Research Center for Environment and Sustainable Development (RCESD), Tehran, Iran.

² Group of Biodiversity and Biosafety, Research Center for Environment and Sustainable Development (RCESD), Department of Environment, Tehran, Iran.

³ Research Group of Environmental Assessment and Risks, Research Center for Environment and Sustainable Development (RCESD), Department of Environment, Tehran, Iran.

https://doi.org/10.22113/jmst.2023.376136.2508

Abstract

Coastal-marine wetlands consisting of mangrove forests, sandy beaches, and mudflats are among the sensitive and important habitats of the southern coasts of Iran, which play an important role in the economy and livelihood of local communities. The International Mangrove Wetland of Shur, Shirin, and Minab Rivers is one of the important coastal wetlands of Iran, and due to facing many threats, it needs new and effective protection planning. This research has been conducted to investigate the significant changes in the levels of mangrove forests as an indicator species of the wetland, identify and prioritize the factors that threaten the biodiversity of the wetland, and provide Participatory management solutions. The calculation of mangrove level changes was done based on the time series analysis method of OLI (Operational Land Imager) sensor data from Landsat 8. The planning and implementation of participatory protection in this research included reviewing the current situation, identifying stakeholders, and holding participatory meetings to identify and prioritize threats and formulate an action plan for cooperative wetland protection. The results showed that from 2015 to 2022, mangrove forests have been destroyed in some areas by 30.78 hectares. According to the survey of the participants and stakeholder’s beneficiaries, two threats of pollution caused by the dumping of smuggled fuel and illegal fishing activities have the highest priority among the total of 15 threats identified in the wetland. In this research, for the ten important threats prioritized by the opinion of the participants, an action plan to reduce the effects of threats, including the mechanism of the threat effect, the effect on the indicator species, the economic and social effects, and the priority plan to reduce the effects of each threat has been developed. The results of this research are used in raising awareness and preparing educational content for community-based conservation programs with the participation of stakeholders, including the implementation of participatory wetland conservation and restoration projects.

Keywords

Main Subjects

محیط‌ زیست دریا

References

Armitage, D.R., Plummer, R., Berkes, F., Arthur, R.I., Charles, A.T., Davidson-Hunt, I.J., Diduck, A.P., Doubleday, N.C., Johnson, D.S. and Marschke, M., 2008. Adaptive comanagement for social- ecological complexity. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 7, pp.95-102. https://doi.org/ 10.1890/070089.

Barati Ghahfarokhi, S., Khajeddin, S. and Rayegani, B., 2009. Investigation of land use changes in Qale Shahrokh Basin using remote sensing (1975-2002). Journal of Water and Soil Science, 13, pp.349-365. (In Persian). http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/a rticle-1-1060-en.html.

Brondizio, E.S., Ostrom, E. and Young, O.R., 2009. Connectivity and the governance of multilevel socialecological system: the role of social capital. Annual review of environment and resources, 34, pp.253-278. https://doi. org/10.1146/annure v.environ.020708.100707.

Clement, C., Levis, C., Franco-Moraes, J. and Braga-Junqueira, A., 2020. Domesticated nature: the culturally constructed niche of humanity. In Participatory Biodiversity Conservation: Concepts, Experiences and Practices. Gewerbestrasse, witzerland, Springer Nature.

Comprehensive management plan of Internationa Wetland of Mangrove Rud-e-Shur, Rud-e-Shirin and Rud-e-Minab Haras. 2016. Conservation of Iranian Wetlands Project and Hormozgan Provicial office of Environment, Departmet of Environment, Technical Rep. (In Persian).

Damastutia, E., Groot, R., Debrot, A.O. and Silviusd, M.J., 2022. Effectiveness of community-based mangrove management for biodiversity conservation: A case study from Central Java, Indonesia. Trees, Forests and People.

Dev Roy, A.K., 2016. Local community attitudes towards mangrove forest conservation: lessons from Bangladesh. Marine Policy, 74, pp.186–194. https://doi.org/10.10 16/j.marpol.2016.09.021

Duke, N., Kathiresan, K., Salmo Iii, S.G., Fernando, E.S., Peras, J.R., Sukardjo, S., Miyagi, T., Ellison, J., Koedam, N.E., Wang, Y. and Primavera, J., 2010. Avicennia Marina. Iucn Red List of Threatened Species, 2010, T178828A7619457, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2 305/IUCN.UK.20102. RLTS.T178828A7619457.en

Duke, N.C., 1992. Mangrove Floristics and Biogeography, In Tropical Mangrove Ecosystems, American Geophysical Union. Washangton, D. C. (USA).

Ejlali Khanghah, K., Rashidi, S., Akbarzadeh, G. and Behzadi, S., 2019. Investigating on the effects of shrimp culturing on the structure of macro-invertebrates community in Tibab, Hormozgan, Iran, Agricultural Research Education & Extension Organization, 28(5), pp.25-36. (In Persian) DOI: 10.22092/ISFJ.2 019.119523

Gharechahi, A. and Mohammad Rahimi, A., 2016. Seasonal distribution of oil pollution of boats with two-stroke engines on the southern coasts of Iran. The Journal of Marine Science and Technology. 15(3), pp.11-20. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22 113/jmst.2016.9874.

Ghorbanzadeh Zaferani, S.G., Azizi, N., Shahlapour, S. and Sarabi, F., 2014. The field guide for the revival and ecological restoration of mangrove forests (EMR) with an emphasis on the protected areas of the Environmental Protection Organization. Shoroo Press. (In Persian).

IMO. 1998. Focus on IMO, Available at: https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/KnowledgeCentre/ConferencesMeetings/FocusOnIMOArchives/Focus%20on%20IMO%20-%20MARPOL%20-%2025%20years%20(Oct ober%201998).pdf (14 January 2022).

ITTO, (the International Tropical Timber Organization). 2012. Tropical Forest Update. Newsletter: 21(2). Last accessed on 22 July 2017 at URl: http://www.itto.int/tfu/id=2890

Izadian, M., Tayefeh, F.H., Ghayoumi, R. and Raygani, B., 2021. Investigating biodiversity and providing participatory conservation solutions of the Wetlands of Rud-e-Shur, Rud-e-Shirin and Rud-e-Minab Haras, conservation of Iranian Wetlands Project, Departmet of Environment, Iran. 131pp. (In Persian).

Jadidi, M. and Nohegar, A., 2019. Effectiveness of environmental education on girl middle school students in the conservation of wetlands (case study: Shour, Shirin and Minab wetland. Iranian Journal of Eco Hydrology, 6 (3), pp. 623–630. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22 059/ije.2019.2783 90.1077.

Jadidi, M. and Nohegar, A., 2021. Evaluating the Impact of Environmental Education on the Level of Environmental Knowledge among Students of Different Degrees in the Context of the Wetlands (Case Study: Shour, Shirin and Minab Wetland). Journal of Environmental Education and Sustainable Development. 10(1), pp.131-142. (In Persian). https://doi. org/10.30473/ee.2021.4919 1.2113.

Jafariazar, S., Sabzghabaei, G.R., Tavakoly, M. and Dashti, S., 2019. Assessment and management of environmental risk of salty, sweet and Minab Rivers International Wetlands on the basis of multi-criteria decision-making methods. Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental Hazards, 5(4), pp.65-88. (In Persian). URL: http://jsaeh.khu.a c.ir/article-1-2582-en.html.

Jahani, A., Hosseinzadeh Monfared, S., Ghasemi, M. and Shirvany, A., 2020. Mass trapping and identification of insectof mangrove forests (Avicennia marina) using cylindrical trap, yellow sticky trap and bucket-color trap (Case study: Minab city), Journal of Animal Environment, 11(4), pp.271-280. (In Persian). https://d orl.net/dor/20.1001.1.271713 88.1398.11.4.37.3.

Kamariah, A., Abdullah, M., and Dasimah, O. 2014. Community-Based Conservation in Managing Mangrove Rehabilitation in Perak and Selangor. Procedia - Social and Behavioural Science, 153, pp.121-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.20 14.10.047.

Karimipour, Y. and Mohammadi, H.R., 2004. Preventive measures in smuggling goods dream or reality: A field study in Hormozgan Province, Geographical Researches, 19(2), pp.211-224. (In Persian).

Khadka, D. and Nepal, S.K., 2010. Local responses to participatory conservation in Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Environment Management, 45, pp.351–362. https://doi.org/1 0.1007/s00267-009-9405-6.

Khezerzadeh, A., Soleimani, M. and Razavian, M.T., 2010. Study of Smuggling in Iran's Southern Coastal Borders, Journal of Applied Research in Geographical Sciences, Volume: 10(12), pp.67-84. (In Persian). http://jgs.khu.ac.ir/article-1-619-fa.html

Koohpayma, F., Sadeghi, S.M., Bagheri, A., Farrar, N. and Farashiani, M.E., 2022. The most important pests in forests and rangelands of Hormozgan Province with emphasize on new pests, Journal of Iran Nature, 6(6), pp.89-102. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22092/irn.20 22.355243.1381

Mashhadi, A. 2017. State and environment: from the non-state to the participatory approaches. state studies, 2(8), pp.59-80. (In Persian). doi: 10.22054/tssq.2017.7198

Mohammadnezhad, M., 2017. The role of environmental education in the conservation of wetlands (case study: Shoor, Shirin & Minab wetland. Faculty of Environmen, University of Tehran. Master thesis (In Persian).

Moslehi, M., 2019. Ecological value of endangered mangrove ecosystems, Human & Environment, 16(3), pp.149-167. (In Persian). https://dorl. net/dor/20.1001.1.15625532.1397.16.3.11.6.

Moslehi, M., Koohpeyma, F. and Zakeri, O., 2018. The first report of Streblote helpsi (Lasiocompidae) on Avicennia marina in southern Iran, 23^rd Iranian Plant Protection Congress. (In Persian).

Norberg, J. and Cumming, G.S., 2008. Complexity theory for a sustainable future. Columbia Universitu Press, New York, USA.

Ponrahono, Z. and Sunot Y.N., 2019. Willingness to participate and current participation level in mangrove conservation. In Technology and Society: A Multidisciplinary Pathway for Sustainable Development, Future Academy.

Rayegani, B., Barati, S., Goshtasb, H., Gachpaz, S., Ramezani, J. and Sarkheil, H., 2020. Sand and dust storm sources identification: A remote sensing approach. Ecological Indicators, 112, 106099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106099Rayegani, B., Jahani, A., Satari Rad, A. and Shoghi, N., 2018. Predicting of land use changes for 2030 using remote sensing and Landsat multi-temporal images (case study: Mashhad). Town and Country Planning, 10, pp.249-269. (In Persian). https://doi.org/ 10.22059/jtcp.2019.262107.6698 76.

Raygani, B., 2019. Investigating the threats of mangrove forests with the help of remotely sensed data, Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental Hazard, 6(2), pp.53-68. (In Persian). URL: http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2754-en.html

Rishi, R., Raja, R., Sundararaj, V., Shwetha, T., Sunayana, P. and Mohan, N., 2019. A new record of Streblote helpsi Holloway (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) as pest on Avicenniamarina from the mangroves of Maharashtra, India. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 7(6), pp.1268-1270

Safiari, S., 2002. Mangrove Forests of Iran, Publications of the Research Institute of Forests and Ranges, Tehran. (In Persian).

Spalding, M., Kainuma, M. and Collins, L., 2010. World atlas of mangroves (version 1.1). A collaborative project of ITTO, ISME, FAO, UNEP-WCMC, UNESCO-MAB, UNU-INWEH and TNC. London (UK): Earthscan, London. https://doi.org/10.34892/w2ew-m835

Sullivan, L., 2019. Conservation in context: toward a system framing of decentralized governance and public participation in wildlife management. Review of Policy Research, 36, pp.242–261. https://doi.org/10.1111/ropr.12326

Turreira-García, N., Lund, J. F., Domínguez, P., Carrillo-Anglés, E., Brummer, M. C., Duenn, P., and Reyes-García, V. 2018. What’s in a name? Unpacking “participatory” environmental monitoring. Ecology and Society, 23(2), pp.24. https://doi.org/10.5751/ ES-10144-230224

Water requirement of wetland of Rud-e-Shur, Rud-e-Shirin and Rud-e-Minab Deltas, 2019. Hormozgan Provincial Office of Environment. Technical Rep. (In Persian).

Zahirinia, M., Rastegar, Y., Nikkhah, H. and Bahrami, S., 2017. Qualitative analysis of the socio-economic consequences of the phenomenon of smuggling of fuel in Minab City, Strategic Research on Social Problems in Iran. 6(4), pp.19-34. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22108/ssos s.2017.85530.0

Threats to the Biodiversity of the International Wetlands of Roud Shur, Shirin, and Minab Mangroves and Providing Participatory Conservation Solutions

References

References

Volume 22, Issue 4November 2023Pages 96-114

Volume 22, Issue 4
November 2023
Pages 96-114